should and would

تحميل ملف DIfferences between Should.doc



Differnces between should and would

Reported Speech 1-2

Reported speech
الكلام المباشر والغير مباشر

"sorry , I have to study "
هذه الجمله وردت علي لسان احد الأشخاص لي وعندما أريد أن انقلها لي احد آخر فلا بد من أن أغير فيها بعض التغييرات وهذا هو الكلام الغير مباشر أي أنني انقل كلام شخص الي شخص آخر
والتغييرات التي تحدث هي

1 –نحذف الأقواس
2- نضيف كلمه sayاو says حسب القائل سواء مفرد او جمع
2- نغير الضمائر حسب سياق الجملة وبالتالي الأفعال حسب المفرد والجمع
He says he is sorry . he has to study

"I will call you back later"
She says she will call back later
"We are looking forward to seeing you"
They say they are looking forward to seeing you

هذا بالنسبة للجملة أما بالنسبة للسؤال
هناك نوعين من الاسئله
1- سؤال يبدأ ب do اوdoes
2- سؤال يبدأ بكلمه استفهام

*بالنسبة للسؤال الذي يبدأ ب do أو does فإننا نقوم بالآتي
1- نضيف want to know if أو wander if
2- نحذف do أو does
3- نغير الضمائر حسب سياق الجملة والأفعال حسب المفرد والجمع
Do you have any thing on Monday ?
I want to know if you have any thing on Monday
I wander if ---------------------------------------------

Does she know the place ?
I want to know if she knows the place.

* بالنسبة للسؤال الذي يبدأ بكلمه استفهام
1- نضيف want(s) to know
2-نحول السؤال الي جمله خبريه وذلك بوضع الفعل بعد الفاعل وليس قبله
3- نغير الضمائر حسب سياق الجملة والأفعال حسب المفرد والجمع
What is your favourite dish ?
He wants to know what my favourite dish is
When are you coming for lunch?
He wants to know when I am coming for lunch

الكلام الغير مباشر في الماضي
Reported speech (past)
أولا :- بالنسبة للجملة :-
1- ضيف said to – told
2- نحذف الأقواس
3- نحول الأفعال إلي أفعال ماضيه
4- نحول الضمائر I إلي he
We إلي they

"I live in Riyadh"
He said to me (that) he lived in Riyadh

"We are living in Riyadh"
They told me they lived in Riyadh

ثانيا :- بالنسبة للأمر"-
1- نحذف الأقواس
2- نضيف said to – told
3- نضيف to ثم بعدها فعل الجملة في المصدر وفي النفي نضيف not to
"Play in the play ground"
He told me to play in the play ground

"Don't play in the street"
He told me not to play in the street


ثالثا نقل الطلب :-
1- نضيف asked me to + فعل الجملة في المصدر والنفي نضيف not to

"Please, be quite"
He asked me to be quite

"Please don't talk"
He asked me not to talk

While and When //// Request with modals

While vs. When
Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence.
Examples:
I was studying when she called.
While I was studying, she called.
While + past continuous( was or were +v.ing ) + past simple ( ed ---- irr.v )
While I was studying , She called.

When + past simple ( ed ---- irr.v ) + past continuous( was or were +v.ing )
When she called , I was studying.
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Request with modals:

past
Verb
Can
Could
v.( infinitive )
without any ending
( s—e--- ing )
will
Would
Should
Should
Must
Had to
may
might



الطلب المهذب
Request with modals
الطلب باستخدام الأفعال الناقصة
الموافقة
الرفض
Can you open the door?
Could you close the window?
Would you sit down?
Ok
Sure , no problem( Accept
( Refuse ( Sorry
I'm sorry I cant

Relative Clause

Relative Clause :
We use relative clauses to give additional Information about something without starting another sentence. By combining sentences with a relative clause, your text becomes more fluent and you can avoid repeating certain words.
Relative clauses are often used In both spoken and written English. There Is a tendency to use non-defining relative clauses mostly In written, rather than In spoken, English.


RELATIVE PRONOUNS:
relative pronoun
use
example
who
subject or object pronoun for people
I told you about the woman who lives next door.
which
subject or object pronoun for animals and things
Do you see the cat which Is lying on the roof?
which
referring to a whole sentence
He couldn’t read which surprised me.
whose
possession for people animals and things
Do you know the boy whose mother Is a nurse

Where

for place

When for time

Ramadan is the when muslims fast it
whom
object pronoun for people, especially In non-defining relative clauses (In defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)
I was Invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
that
subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things In defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible)
I don’t like the table that stands In the kitchen.

By + Gerund

By+ Gerund

A gerund Is the –ing form of the verb. It Is used as a noun.A gerund Is used In the same way as

a noun: as a subject or an object ..
Using by to express how something Is done:

Hatim turned on his computer by pushing the button:

To make a question we should follow :

How + helping verb ( do-does-did) + S + V ?

How did Hatim turn on the computer ?

By + gerund Is used to express how something Is done.
Verbs followed by gerunds: V+ V(ING )admit - advise - anticipate - appreciate - avoid -complete - consider -delay - deny - discuss - enjoy - finish - can’t help - keep - mention - mind - miss - postpone - practice - quit - recall - recommend - regret - remember - resent - resist - risk - stop - suggest - tolerate - understand.